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Wenn die Fliege aber keine Lust hat…

Vor einigen Tagen veröffentlichte die Süddeutsche Zeitung ein Interview mit Björn Brembs, in dem es um der freien Willen von Fruchtfliegen geht. Am besten gefiel mir das sogenannte Harvard Law of Animal Behavior: “Unter exakt kontrollierten Versuchsbedingungen macht ein Tier genau das, wozu es gerade Lust hat.” Besser geht´s nicht!Das wird auch durch die Ergebnisse von Experimenten belegt: Wenn man 100 Fliegen vor eine Lampe setzen, krabbeln ungefähr 70 Fliegen auf das Licht zu und die anderen 30 davon weg. Testet man diese 30 noch einmal, tritt wieder diese 70-30-Prozent Aufteilung auf. Das ist auch so, wenn man die 79 Lichtkrabbler erneut vor die Lampe setzt. Es kann also keine genetische oder andere Festlegung sein - jede Fliege trifft jedes Mal neu eine Entscheidung.Nun will das natürlich wissenschaftlich erklärt werden. Neben der Kategorie Lust und einem diffusen Hintergrundrauschen wird auch der Zufall bemüht.Es zeigt sich wieder einmal, dass die biologischen Wissenschaften noch nicht über ein Begriffssystem verfügen, das es ermöglichen würde, Ereignisse wie die beschriebenen hinreichend präzise abzubilden.

In seinem Paper Towards a scientific concept of Free Will as a biological trait: spontaneous actions and decision-making in invertebrates setzt sich Brembs mit der aktuellen Diskussion zum Begriff des freien Willens auseinander und kommt zu ähnlichen Einschätzungen. Besonders bedeutsam scheint mir der Ansatz, den reflextheoretischen Begriff der Reaktion („response“) durch den Begriff der Tätigkeit („action“) zu ersetzen. Dort heißt es:

“Another concept that springs automatically from acknowledging behavioural variability as an adaptive trait is the concept of actions. In contrast to responses, actions are behaviours where it is either impossible to find an eliciting stimulus or where the latency and/or magnitude of the behaviour vary so widely, that the term ‘response’ becomes useless.”

Zur Beschreibung des Tätigen, des Subjekts der Tätigkeit, schlägt er den Terminus „Selbst“ vor. Dieser Gedanke resultiert wohl daraus, dass Brembs die Frage des Willens aus neurophysiologischer Sicht betrachtet. Der Begriff des Selbst artikuliert einen introspektiven Aspekt und erfordert mindestens eine zweite Betrachtungsebene, von der aus das Individuum sich als Selbst reflektiert. Das geht auch aus den Beispielen hervor, die mangels einer Definition herangezogen werden. Aber gerade das lässt wieder metaphysische Interpretationen zu, gegen die Brembs expressis verbis argumentiert. Hier hilft nur ein Begriff des Willens, der mit den physikalischen Gesetzen verträglich ist.

Der größte Nachteil einer ausschließlich neurophysiologischen Sicht auf den Willen ist aber, dass damit nur mehrzellige Tiere mit einem Nervensystem erfasst werden. Einzellige Tiere und Pflanzen bleiben außen vor. Das aber hat Konsequenzen für die Beantwortung der Frage nach der Evolution des Willens. Wenn Pflanzen keinen Willen haben, muss dieser im Verlauf der Evolution mit der Entstehung des Nervensystems entstehen. Das Leben von Pflanzen und das von Tieren könnten dann nicht mehr einheitlich erklärt werden, was zu schwerwiegenden Widersprüchen in der Theorie des Lebendeigen führt.

Natürlich stutzt man zunächst, wenn Pflanzen ein Wille zugeschrieben wird. Das legt sich aber, wenn man das eine oder andere der folgenden Videos betrachtet. Wissenschaftler haben kein Problem damit, Pflanzen Eigenschaften zuzuschreiben, die man gemeinhin nur Tieren zuschreibt.

Was Pflanzen zu sagen haben (DasErste-Mediathek)

Geistreiches aus der Pflanzenwelt (YouTube)

Erlebnis Erde (YouTube)

Die weitere theoretische Arbeit an der Kategorie des Willens ist wichtig für die weitere Ausarbeitung einer einheitlichen Theorie des Lebens und letztendlich für das Verständnis des freien Willens des Menschen.

Kategorie: Allgemein, Freier Wille, Subjekte

67 Reaktionen zu “Wenn die Fliege aber keine Lust hat…”

  1. TomGard
    am 20. Februar 2011 um 08:06 Uhr | #

    Hallo Georg,
    die “metaphysischen Interpretationen” des “Selbst” sind dekonstruiert, macht man sich klar, daß “Introspektion” mit dem Terminus Lust(handeln) gar nicht verheiratet, nicht einmal verlobt ist. Es genügt ein biochemisches “Logbuch” des Organismus, eine Trajektorie aus Zustandsprotokollen nebst einer “Lese”vorichtung, welche die letzten Einträge nach ihren zwei Dimensionen (Zustandsvariablen + Veränderungen in der Zeit) mit voran gegangenen abgleicht. Dies System generiert kein “Selbst” im menschlichen Sinne, aber sehr wohl eine informationelle “Eigenzeit”, weil die Zustandsvariablen nach der Abfolge ihrer Veränderungen geschieden werden und im Lesevorgang strukturierte Muster bilden. Diese Muster können dann Reiz-Reaktions-Schemata strukturieren.

    Bekommt - einen Schritt weiter - der Logscan ein eignes Log, können die Schemata bereits nach Maßgabe einer “Erinnerung” strukturiert werden.

    Mal so rein spekulativ eingewandt :)

    Gruß
    Thomas
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