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Haben Tiere Bewusstsein?

In SpektrumDirekt vom 20.12.07 berichtet Tanja Krämer über Untersuchungen der Variation des Gesangs japanischer Mövchen (Lonchura  striata var. domestica). Die Sache wäre an sich für mich nicht besonders interessant, wenn sie dazu nicht Termini wie „Absicht“ und „bewusst“ verwendet hätte. Was einem etablierten Verhaltensbiologen, der in den Kategorien des Behaviorismus denkt, vielleicht ein müdes Lächeln entlockt hätte, das provoziert einen mich,  der über die paradigmatische Situation der Biologie nachdenkt, geradezu zu der Frage, was denn im Verhalten von Vögeln „bewusst“ genannt werden könnte. Wir sind ja nicht einmal imstande, eine einigermaßen konsensfähige Definition des menschlichen Bewusstseins hinzukriegen, obwohl wir doch alle über ein solches verfügen.

Wenn wir von unserer Kenntnis über unser jeweils eigenes Bewusstsein ausgehen, dem einzigen, das uns in unserer Erfahrung gegeben ist, dann wird man wohl die Frage verneinen müssen, ob Vögel über etwas gleichartiges verfügen, ja ob überhaupt Tiere über mentale Fähigkeiten verfügen, die unserem Bewusstsein gleichartig sind.

Andererseits weisen die zitierten und andere Untersuchungsergebnisse sowie unsere alltäglichen Erfahrungen mit Tieren darauf hin, dass es im mentalen Bereich der Tiere funktionelle Komponenten geben muss, die das Tier zu Leistungen befähigen, für die wir unser Bewusstsein benutzen. Eben das bringt uns dazu, diese Leistungen mit Termini zu beschreiben, mit denen wir auch unsere mentalen Prozesse beschreiben. Nur – ist das berechtigt? Ist das überhaupt zulässig? Schreiben wir damit den Tieren nicht Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten zu, über die sie noch nicht verfügen und noch nicht verfügen können, jedenfalls dann nicht, wenn wir die Theorie der Evolution ernst nehmen.

In jedem Fall sollten Tiere aber über eigenständige mentale Fähigkeiten verfügen, aus denen im Verlaufe der Evolution das menschliche Bewusstsein hervor gegangen ist. Solche Vorformen des Bewussten sollte es in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung geben, ähnlich wie Gliedmaßen oder Verdauungsorgane in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung vorkommen. Für diese haben wir auch unterschiedliche Bezeichnungen wie “Flossen”, “Hufe”, “Tatzen” oder “Honigmagen” und “Pansen”. Für die unterschiedlichen mentalen Zustände dieser Tiere haben wir keine Worte. Und deshalb können wir die Frage nach dem Bewusstsein der Tiere nicht beantworten, wir wüssten gar nicht, welche Worte wir für die anzunehmenden mentalen Prozesse beispielsweise der Fliegen mit dem eigenen Willen benutzen sollten.

Die fehlenden Worte stehen für fehlende Begriffe. Wir wissen gar nicht, wofür wir überhaupt Worte bräuchten, weil wir nicht den Schatten einer Idee haben, welche mentalen Prozesse tierischem Verhalten zugrunde liegen. Das wird auch so  bleiben, solange Verhaltensbiologie und Psychologie ihre Untersuchungen reduktionistisch anlegen und die mentalen Funktionen aus der Erforschung der Teile des Nervensystems ableiten wollen. Das diesem Vorgehen zugrunde liegende kausalistische Paradigma hat in den letzen 100 Jahren allen „Manifesten“ zum Trotz und bei allen Fortschritten des Technischen aber keinen ernsthaften Beitrag zum Verständnis mentaler Prozesse geleistet. Wir verstehen weder das menschliche Bewusstsein noch die tierische Psyche. Wir haben auf diesem Wege zwar eine Fülle von Daten produziert. Von diesen kann man aber, um eine Formulierung Laughins zu benutzen, höchstens sagen, dass sie „nicht einmal falsch sind“, denn es fehlt ein begriffliches und terminologisches System der Psyche, des Mentalen, aus dem Daten vorhersagbar sind und in dem die Daten experimenteller Untersuchungen eine Bedeutung erhalten. So können Daten mangels einer Theorie auch keine Theorie verifizieren. Wozu sind sie aber dann nütze? Ohne ein theoretisches System sind solche Daten bedeutungslos, so bunt die Bilder auch sein mögen.

Die Eignung des reduktionistischen Paradigmas zur Lösung von Fragen nach dem Mentalen im tierischen Verhalten wird heute nicht nur von Kreationisten und ID- Apologeten in Zweifel gezogen, sondern vor allem auch von ernsthaften Naturwissenschaftlern. So hat der Physiknobelpreisträger 1998 Robert Lauglin in seinem Buch „Abschied von der Weltformel“ (Piper 2007) gezeigt, dass dieses Paradigma nicht einmal mehr ausreicht, die moderne Physik hinreichend abzubilden. Der Biochemiker Stuart Kauffmann hat dies auch für die Biologie gezeigt, z.B. in „Der Öltropfen im Wasser“ (Piper 1996). Um wie viel weniger ist das Kausalitätsparadigma dann ungeeigneter, Fragen nach Psyche und Bewusstsein zu beantworten.

 

Allen meinen Lesern wünsche ich ein Frohes Weihnachtsfest und alles Gute für 2008. Ich melde mich erst Ende Januar wieder.

 

Kategorie: Erkenntnis, Evolution, Freier Wille, Kausalismus, Psyche, Verhaltensbiologie

211 Reaktionen zu “Haben Tiere Bewusstsein?”

  1. Stefan

    Hallo Berlin, wir sind wieder wach. Dank für den guten Plan in Berlin und Ein- und Ausblick vom Balkon.

    Zu den Taufliegen: Wenn der Herr Biologe noch Taufliegen hat, dann muss er natürlich nicht nur eine fliegen lassen und messen, sondern sein Experiment ausdehnen auf zwei, drei usw., um zu sehen ob dann immer wieder das gleiche Muster erscheint - oder ob 2 Tiere sich zusammen anders verhalten als eins. Erst ab einer mir nicht bekannten Menge Fliegen und Ergebnisse würde man doch erkennen, ob da ein Muster oder ein Wille die Ursache ist.

    Grüße, Stefan

  2. Georg Litsche

    Hallo Stefan
    http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000443
    hier kannst Du nachlesen, wie das Experiment angelegt ist
    Gruß G.

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    Signs That You’re Not Getting Enough Protein: Protein is essential for muscle growth and repair. Learn the signs that indicate you may not be getting enough protein in your diet.

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