Haben Tiere Bewusstsein?
In SpektrumDirekt vom 20.12.07 berichtet Tanja Krämer über Untersuchungen der Variation des Gesangs japanischer Mövchen (Lonchura striata var. domestica). Die Sache wäre an sich für mich nicht besonders interessant, wenn sie dazu nicht Termini wie „Absicht“ und „bewusst“ verwendet hätte. Was einem etablierten Verhaltensbiologen, der in den Kategorien des Behaviorismus denkt, vielleicht ein müdes Lächeln entlockt hätte, das provoziert einen mich, der über die paradigmatische Situation der Biologie nachdenkt, geradezu zu der Frage, was denn im Verhalten von Vögeln „bewusst“ genannt werden könnte. Wir sind ja nicht einmal imstande, eine einigermaßen konsensfähige Definition des menschlichen Bewusstseins hinzukriegen, obwohl wir doch alle über ein solches verfügen.
Wenn wir von unserer Kenntnis über unser jeweils eigenes Bewusstsein ausgehen, dem einzigen, das uns in unserer Erfahrung gegeben ist, dann wird man wohl die Frage verneinen müssen, ob Vögel über etwas gleichartiges verfügen, ja ob überhaupt Tiere über mentale Fähigkeiten verfügen, die unserem Bewusstsein gleichartig sind.
Andererseits weisen die zitierten und andere Untersuchungsergebnisse sowie unsere alltäglichen Erfahrungen mit Tieren darauf hin, dass es im mentalen Bereich der Tiere funktionelle Komponenten geben muss, die das Tier zu Leistungen befähigen, für die wir unser Bewusstsein benutzen. Eben das bringt uns dazu, diese Leistungen mit Termini zu beschreiben, mit denen wir auch unsere mentalen Prozesse beschreiben. Nur – ist das berechtigt? Ist das überhaupt zulässig? Schreiben wir damit den Tieren nicht Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten zu, über die sie noch nicht verfügen und noch nicht verfügen können, jedenfalls dann nicht, wenn wir die Theorie der Evolution ernst nehmen.
In jedem Fall sollten Tiere aber über eigenständige mentale Fähigkeiten verfügen, aus denen im Verlaufe der Evolution das menschliche Bewusstsein hervor gegangen ist. Solche Vorformen des Bewussten sollte es in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung geben, ähnlich wie Gliedmaßen oder Verdauungsorgane in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung vorkommen. Für diese haben wir auch unterschiedliche Bezeichnungen wie “Flossen”, “Hufe”, “Tatzen” oder “Honigmagen” und “Pansen”. Für die unterschiedlichen mentalen Zustände dieser Tiere haben wir keine Worte. Und deshalb können wir die Frage nach dem Bewusstsein der Tiere nicht beantworten, wir wüssten gar nicht, welche Worte wir für die anzunehmenden mentalen Prozesse beispielsweise der Fliegen mit dem eigenen Willen benutzen sollten.
Die fehlenden Worte stehen für fehlende Begriffe. Wir wissen gar nicht, wofür wir überhaupt Worte bräuchten, weil wir nicht den Schatten einer Idee haben, welche mentalen Prozesse tierischem Verhalten zugrunde liegen. Das wird auch so bleiben, solange Verhaltensbiologie und
Die Eignung des reduktionistischen Paradigmas zur Lösung von Fragen nach dem Mentalen im tierischen Verhalten wird heute nicht nur von Kreationisten und ID- Apologeten in Zweifel gezogen, sondern vor allem auch von ernsthaften Naturwissenschaftlern. So hat der Physiknobelpreisträger 1998 Robert Lauglin in seinem Buch „Abschied von der Weltformel“ (Piper 2007) gezeigt, dass dieses Paradigma nicht einmal mehr ausreicht, die moderne Physik hinreichend abzubilden. Der Biochemiker Stuart Kauffmann hat dies auch für die Biologie gezeigt, z.B. in „Der Öltropfen im Wasser“ (Piper 1996). Um wie viel weniger ist das Kausalitätsparadigma dann ungeeigneter, Fragen nach Psyche und Bewusstsein zu beantworten.
Allen meinen Lesern wünsche ich ein Frohes Weihnachtsfest und alles Gute für 2008. Ich melde mich erst Ende Januar wieder.
Kategorie: Erkenntnis, Evolution, Freier Wille, Kausalismus, Psyche, Verhaltensbiologie
am 10. August 2008 um 12:19 Uhr | #
Hallo Berlin, wir sind wieder wach. Dank für den guten Plan in Berlin und Ein- und Ausblick vom Balkon.
Zu den Taufliegen: Wenn der Herr Biologe noch Taufliegen hat, dann muss er natürlich nicht nur eine fliegen lassen und messen, sondern sein Experiment ausdehnen auf zwei, drei usw., um zu sehen ob dann immer wieder das gleiche Muster erscheint - oder ob 2 Tiere sich zusammen anders verhalten als eins. Erst ab einer mir nicht bekannten Menge Fliegen und Ergebnisse würde man doch erkennen, ob da ein Muster oder ein Wille die Ursache ist.
Grüße, Stefan
am 10. August 2008 um 16:30 Uhr | #
Hallo Stefan
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000443
hier kannst Du nachlesen, wie das Experiment angelegt ist
Gruß G.
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[…] es zwischen Himmel und Erde auch Dinge gibt, die sie innerhalb ihrer kausalistischen Schulweisheit nicht unterbringen kann. Im Gegenteil, sie hat es verstanden, auch empirische Daten, die sie selbst gewonnen hat und die […]
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[…] wird auch der Zufall bemüht.Es zeigt sich wieder einmal, dass die biologischen Wissenschaften noch nicht über ein Begriffssystem verfügen, das es ermöglichen würde, Ereignisse wie die beschriebenen hinreichend präzise […]
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Or you may do Arnold press as an alternative of standard dumbbell press. I’m going to give you the full particulars of every workout and you’ll additionally see notes on how the strategies we just mentioned are used. They each have their place and there are professional bodybuilders who’ve achieved results from each. In other words, you want to see the muscle you achieve rather than it being coated by layers of blubber. The suggestions for carb and fat consumption are extra various. Dietary fats is required to ensure optimal hormone functioning.
It can even assist improve mobility, ROM, improve muscle well being and cut back the chance of damage. While the mechanism is not well understood, some analysis suggests that creatine supplementation would possibly lead to increases muscular strength and muscle fiber size (80). Primarily, consuming more carbs around the time you lift and fewer carbs when you’re at relaxation.
When you mix a slight caloric enhance with weight lifting, the features can be became muscle, and never a spare tire around your waist. Compound lifts are multi-joint movements, such as squats and bench press, that work a quantity of muscle tissue and target the bigger muscle tissue in your physique. Analysis from 2012 shows that these actions will give you the majority of your muscle progress and should take up the vast majority of your workout regimen (5). The amino acids in eggs are converted into muscle, pores and skin, collagen, and different body tissue more efficiently than the proteins from some other food you can eat (or drink). An 85-calorie egg by some means delivers seven grams of protein—a beyond-solid funding in your well being. It incorporates 369 kcal per serving, which, compared to alternatives is pretty modest.
Are bloated mass gainers causing you gastrointestinal problems? Decide for Naked Mass, which is as simple and clean as a mass gainer can get. With just three components (maltodextrin, whey protein, and casein) it’s the easiest in your abdomen if you don’t mind the delicate unflavored taste. If you’re an lively individual making an attempt to gain muscle, 0.6 to zero.9 grams (g) of protein per pound (lb) of body weight, or 1.four to 2.zero g per kilogram (kg) of body weight, could also be best. Both means, you want to continue to problem yourself to see continued development over time. “Utilizing a program that implements some sort of progressive overload to continue to construct and problem your muscular tissues for growth is key,” says Smith. This means less cardio, HIIT and circuit-style coaching and extra of a give consideration to heavy lifting exercises.
We know the importance of protein for muscle restoration and growth. But we additionally know that protein has been consistently discovered to be probably the most satiating of the three macronutrients. This product can also be formulated with Tribulus, Creatine and L-Glutamine which help enhance training performance and enhance exercise recovery. Hard gainers have quick metabolisms and generally have difficulty eating the amount of food needed.
This may be very efficient for hitting prescribed benchmarks. This means you’ve the time to coach for extra specific objectives and hit specific muscular tissues. However if you want to take benefit of out of your time within the gym, then there are a few mass constructing supplements you should contemplate. And if I needed to guess, simply by you reading this submit probably means you’re already considerably lean and need to pack on size. Back and hamstrings are one other set of muscles that pair perfectly collectively.
Working a 5-day workout routine has many benefits if you do it correctly. Here are some causes this could possibly be the most effective program you ever run. And bear in mind, don’t overcomplicate the process of gaining mass! Just stick to those fundamentals and visualize your self making gains. Anybody with well being circumstances who may expertise worsening signs with extra sugar in their food regimen have to contact a healthcare professional earlier than shopping for supplements. Loop a thick towel round a barbell ensuring your palms are nonetheless able to fully shut when you grasp it. Holding the bar with an overhand, shoulder width grip, place the bar in front of your thighs.
He additionally loves to assist others to realize their fitness objectives and spread the data where wanted. Matthew’s different passions embrace studying about mindfulness, strolling by way of nature, touring, and always working to improve total. Calorically dense foods are the most effective options when trying to put on weight however there must be a balance to make sure you’re not consuming too many calories which can result in extra fats achieve. These new to weight coaching can also benefit from a more aggressive strategy as many of the weight gained must be within the form of lean muscle. If you’re a really energetic individual then you’ll need to eat even more than someone who’s sedentary, flippantly, and even reasonably active, to realize weight without spinning your wheels. A lot of people underestimate their daily caloric intake generally, so you need to be particularly observant as to factor in your actions.
However, if you’re on a gradual weight achieve programme, it’ll nonetheless provides a significant enhance to your daily calorie consumption regardless. Containing a 746 calories per 200g serving, this is Protein Works’ ‘Excessive’ mass gainer, meaning it is best suited to anybody seeking to considerably enhance their daily energy. For a decrease calorie vegan different, go for their common vegan mass gainer. Ideal for progressively and conveniently building mass, this weight gainer packs 520 kcal per 135g serving, 66g of carbohydrates sourced from extremely nice Scottish oats, and 8.9g of fats. The Intense Mass Powder from Optimum Diet lives up to its name. Additionally, I highly recommend giving this text a read subsequent to find out about a model new training approach that you should start applying to all of your workouts to build muscle even faster.
The best method to acquire mass for most people is through increased energy and weight achieve general. Slightly higher in calorie than other meat sources, beef is an effective weight achieve meals as a result of it’s protein content material as nicely. While consumption should be moderated, it can be a good addition right here and there in your weight gain meal plan. Salmon accommodates unsaturated fats that’ll benefit your health in addition to your calorie surplus.
Decreasing exercise and growing rest will lead to much less calorie expenditure, serving to the physique get well from intense workouts. “Good fat,” otherwise generally known as unsaturated fats, assist in hormonal production and regulation, rising testosterone ranges (3). Fats can additionally be very calorie-dense, increasing the probability of consuming in a caloric surplus. Use unfavorable reps. This is when a training companion takes the load through the positive/concentric section of the repetition, whereas the coach takes the complete load on the negative/eccentric part.
Adding to the final level, each meal or ‘feast’ that sumo wrestlers eat consists of 2,000–3,500 calories. Bulking up requires gaining weight, which requires a calorie surplus. If you’re undecided the place to start out, communicate with a healthcare professional or private coach.
Hypertrophy and power coaching are each forms of resistance coaching. Focusing on one space doesn’t imply you won’t see features within the different, but varying your exercises can optimize your results. If your operational definition of “good” hinges on including bulk as shortly as potential, so you presumably can perform in a weight-dominant sport, a mass gainer is strictly what you need. If, in distinction, your goals are to take care of an excellent physique and add muscular energy, different sources of protein are a better guess.
Sturdy muscular tissues support the bones, reduce the chance of injury and keep your body moving correctly. Here we share some meals you can embrace to enhance muscle mass, and we have a look at the influence that resistance training has on our muscular and bone well being. If you narrow your energy low and stop working the muscle tissue you want to decrease in dimension; you’ll find a way to promote more muscle breakdown for energy. You may even need to scale back some on your protein intake and avoid having too much excess protein in your food regimen. Whey is a quick-acting protein, derived from milk, that’s absorbed and used rapidly. Whey protein powders can also assist supplement protein intake all through the day that can assist you hit your day by day macro objective or be used for muscle recovery after coaching.
Your food plan is the second half of the muscle-building equation. All the load training on the planet will not yield results if you don’t supply your body with the vitamins it must grow new muscle tissue. While many types of train supply well being benefits, the one dependable way to drive muscle growth is to make use of your muscle tissue towards average to heavy resistance. In addition, muscle progress is particular to the muscles being used. If you are not comfy in a gym or using added weights, even your body weight can act as resistance. Embody exercises like wall squats, body-weight squats, planks, pushups and lunges to get a full-body resistance workout that you can do from the comfort of your own house and without any equipment.
Which Means it’s important that you simply goal and train each portion of your chest appropriately. This stack is strictly for customers who perceive proper biking protocols and have experience with much less advanced dietary supplements. Proper food plan, coaching, and recovery are absolutely important when utilizing this stage of supplementation.
For many dedicated lifters, reaching substantial muscle growth can feel like an uphill battle against genetics and plateaus. Mass gainer supplements have developed far beyond the fundamental weight gainers of the previous, with today’s superior formulas providing targeted solutions for even essentially the most stubborn hardgainers. Consuming mass gainers with entire foods ensures balanced nutrient intake. A nutrient-rich balanced food regimen maximizes mass gainer advantages and supports overall well being.
In Accordance to research, resistance coaching places your muscular tissues underneath enough tension and plays an important function in muscle development (1). Mass Gainers do not contain any dangerous ingredients, so there’s nothing to worry about there. As nicely as varied bodily circumference measurements like your arms, chest, shoulders, and legs, for instance. Ideally, your power and these bodily measurements should be steadily increasing along with your physique weight.
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How to Get Rid of Smile Lines: A Quick Guide from Hortman Clinics
# How to Get Rid of Smile Lines: A Quick Guide from Hortman Clinics
## What Causes Smile Lines?
Smile lines, often referred to as marionette lines, are the vertical creases that appear around the mouth area. These lines can develop due to aging, frequent smiling, sun exposure, and lifestyle factors like smoking or excessive alcohol consumption. Understanding these causes is the first step toward addressing them effectively.
## Can You Prevent Smile Lines?
While some people may be more prone to developing smile lines due to genetic factors, there are several preventive measures you can take. Staying hydrated, protecting your skin from UV rays, maintaining a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking can help reduce the appearance of these lines over time.
## How Do Fillers Reduce the Appearance of Laugh Lines?
Dermal fillers, such as hyaluronic acid-based products, are a popular solution for smile lines. These injectables work by plumping the skin, smoothing out the lines and creating a more youthful appearance. The results can last up to six months, depending on the individual and the product used.
## Botox: A Quick Fix for Dynamic Wrinkles
Botox is another effective treatment for smile lines. It works by temporarily relaxing the muscles in the face that cause the lines to form. While it offers quick results, it’s important to remember that it’s a temporary solution and may require regular treatments to maintain the effect.
## The Role of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers in Maintaining Skin Elasticity
Hyaluronic acid is naturally present in the skin and helps keep it hydrated and elastic. When used as a filler, it can restore volume and firmness, contributing to a smoother complexion. This makes it an excellent option for reducing the visibility of smile lines.
## The Importance of Finding the Right Skin Treatment for You
Every individual’s skin is unique, so it’s crucial to consult with a professional before choosing treatments. A skilled aesthetician can assess your skin and recommend the most appropriate options based on your specific needs and goals.
## Advanced Laser Treatments
For those looking for non-invasive solutions, advanced laser treatments offer a minimally invasive approach to reducing smile lines. These procedures target the deep layers of the skin, promoting collagen production and improving elasticity.
## Cosmetic Dentistry
While primarily focused on oral health, cosmetic dentistry can also play a role in addressing smile lines. Procedures like crowns or bridges can alter the structure of the mouth area, potentially reducing the visibility of lines.
## Health Optimization and Weight Loss
Maintaining overall health through proper nutrition and exercise can contribute to smoother, more radiant skin. Weight loss, especially in areas around the face, may help reduce the appearance of smile lines over time.
## Related News
- **PICO Genesis: The Future of Skin Rejuvenation at Hortman Clinics**
PICO Genesis offers a cutting-edge solution for skin rejuvenation, targeting fine lines and improving texture for a more youthful look.
- **Bridal Package by Hortman Clinics: Exclusive Cosmetic Treatments for a Flawless Wedding Day**
Achieve that bridal glow with personalized treatments designed to enhance your natural beauty.
- **Everything You Need to Know About BBL Therapy: Benefits, Process, and Results**
BBL (Bilateral Photorejuvenation) is a popular choice for reducing pigmentation and improving skin texture, offering long-lasting benefits.
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Primobolan Cycle
Methandienone (Primobolan)
Testosterone Enanthate
Trenbolone Acetate
The Primobolan Cycle is a bodybuilding steroid cycle designed to maximize muscle growth and fat loss while minimizing side effects.
- **Methandienone (Primobolan)**: Typically used for 4-6 weeks, it helps promote muscle density and strength.
- **Testosterone Enanthate**: Often run alongside Primobolan, it supports energy levels and overall testosterone production.
- **Trenbolone Acetate**: Known for its ability to increase nitrogen retention and enhance workout performance.
The cycle is popular among bodybuilders seeking a balance between muscle growth and safety. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any steroid cycle.
# Primobolan Cycle
The **Primobolan Cycle** is a popular topic in the world of bodybuilding and steroid use. This cycle involves the use of Primobolan, a synthetic steroid that is considered less harsh than other anabolic steroids but still carries risks. The cycle duration, dosage, and frequency vary depending on the user’s experience and goals.
## Beginner Primobolan Cycle
For beginners, the **Primobolan Cycle** typically starts with a lower dosage to minimize side effects. A common regimen for beginners is 500 mg per week, split into two injections per week (e.g., 250 mg twice weekly). This low dose allows users to assess their tolerance and response to the steroid without overloading their system.
## Intermediate Primobolan Cycle
Intermediate users often increase the dosage to around 750-1000 mg per week, still splitting the doses evenly across two days. This middle ground provides a noticeable enhancement in muscle growth and strength while maintaining manageable side effects for many users.
## Advanced Primobolan Cycle
Advanced users may take higher doses, ranging from 1200-1500 mg per week. However, this is not recommended for everyone, as the risks of side effects like hepatotoxicity and hormonal imbalances increase significantly at higher dosages. Advanced users often incorporate AAS (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) into their cycles to enhance results further, but this requires careful planning and monitoring.
## Recent Posts
- **Understanding Primobolan: What You Need to Know**
- **The Evolution of Steroid Cycles: Past, Present, and Future**
- **How to Choose the Right Steroid Cycle for Your Goals**
## Popular Steroids
Primobolan is one of the most sought-after steroids due to its moderate potency and relatively favorable side effect profile compared to other steroids like Dianabol or Trenbolone. However, it’s important to remember that no steroid is completely free of risks.
## Articles
- **The Truth About Primobolan: Facts You Should Know**
- **Steroid Cycles Explained: A Beginner’s Guide**
- **Advanced Steroid Cycling for Maximum Results**
## ABOUT
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What Do You Need To Know About The First Steroid Cycle
What Do You Need to Know About the First Steroid Cycle for Beginners?
Understanding an initial steroid cycle can be a crucial step for those looking to enhance their physical performance or muscle growth. For beginners, it’s important to approach this topic with caution and a clear understanding of the process. Below, we’ll explore what you need to know about the first steroid cycle.
Understanding an Initial Steroid Cycle
A steroid cycle refers to the period during which someone is administering steroids. This can be done through various methods, such as oral tablets, injections, or other forms. The goal of a steroid cycle is typically to increase muscle mass, improve physical performance, and enhance overall body composition.
The Purpose and Benefits of a Steroid Cycle
Steroids are synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of testosterone. When used in a cycle, they can provide several benefits, including increased muscle strength, enhanced recovery, and improved endurance. However, it’s important to note that steroid use comes with potential risks and side effects, so proper planning and caution are essential.
Steps to Prepare for Your Initial Steroid Cycle
Before starting your first steroid cycle, it’s crucial to take several steps to ensure safety and effectiveness. First, consult with a healthcare professional or a sports medicine specialist to assess your health status and determine if steroid use is appropriate for you. Additionally, create a clear plan that includes the duration of the cycle, dosage, and method of administration.
How to Choose Your First Steroid
Choosing the right steroid for your initial cycle can be overwhelming due to the variety of options available. Consider factors like the form (e.g., tablets, liquid solutions), the dosage strength, and the duration of the cycle. It’s also important to research different types of steroids, such as anabolic steroids or corticosteroids, to determine which one aligns with your goals.
Administering Your First Steroid Cycle
Once you’ve chosen the appropriate steroid and determined how to take it, administration is a critical step. Follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider or on the product label carefully. Common methods include taking the steroid orally, applying it as a topical solution, or injecting it. Be sure to follow any recommended dosage schedule and avoid sudden stops to prevent withdrawal effects.
Tips for a Safe and Effective Steroid Cycle
To ensure your first steroid cycle is safe and effective, follow these tips: Always use steroids legally and with a prescription. Avoid sharing or selling steroids, as this can lead to legal consequences. Monitor for side effects and report any unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider. Keep a record of your cycle for future reference and avoid steroid abuse, which can have long-term negative effects on your health.
Related Posts
Signs That You’re Not Getting Enough Protein: Protein is essential for muscle growth and repair. Learn the signs that indicate you may not be getting enough protein in your diet.
Build Muscle Fast: 8 High-Protein Foods Better Than Eggs: Discover which foods are richer in protein than eggs and how they can help you achieve your muscle-building goals.
Strategies to Preserve Muscle Growth During Middle Age: Muscle loss is a natural part of aging, but there are strategies to help maintain muscle mass as you get older.
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